The introduction of closed mine-based fish farming in Rajnandgaon district has significantly increased the production of fish species like Pangasius and Tilapia. Under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY), two closed mines have been converted into thriving aquaculture hubs at a cost of $0.8 million, producing approximately three tons of fish per cage. These fish are now ready to be supplied nationwide, strengthening fish markets and contributing to the blue economy.

This initiative has created jobs for over 150 individuals, with women earning $70-90 monthly. The government’s subsidy of 40–60% under PMMSY has further enabled fish farmers to adopt the advanced cage culture method, which not only ensures a healthy environment for fish rearing but also reduces the risk of infections. The technique has proven to save time and costs while substantially increasing production levels.

In a mine in Joratarai, 162 unit cages were installed at a cost of $0.54 million, demonstrating the model’s scalability and effectiveness. This effort has turned disused water bodies into centres of economic activity, improving livelihoods and optimising water resource use.

In 2023, Chattisgarh reported a fish production of 652,000 metric tons, a substantial increase from 591,000 metric tons the previous year. This remarkable achievement highlights the state’s growing influence as a leader in sustainable aquaculture, inspiring similar initiatives across the India.

By leveraging innovative practices, Chattisgarh is setting an example of how targeted investments in aquaculture can drive economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social development in rural areas.

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Farming Requirements and Site Selection Criteria

1. Salinity
   Asian sea bass is a euryhaline species, meaning it can thrive in varying salinity levels from freshwater to seawater. However, farming is most effective in brackish waters with salinity levels ranging between 10-30 ppt. Coastal and estuarine regions are ideal for farming due to the stable salinity conditions.
2. Temperature
   Optimal growth is achieved in warm waters of 26-32°C. Temperatures below 20°C for prolonged periods can cause mortalities, making warm climates essential for successful farming.
3. Water Quality
   The preferred water parameters for Asian sea bass farming include:
   • pH: 7.5-8.5
   • Dissolved Oxygen (DO): 4-9 ppm, with floating net cages offering 7-8 ppm due to constant water flow.
     Sites with low microbial loads are necessary to ensure healthy fish growth and minimise disease risks.
4. Water Exchange
   Locations with strong currents (1-2 knots or 50-100 cm/sec) and tidal fluctuations (2-3 m) help maintain clean water in cages. Floating net cages placed at least 2 m above the seabed prevent siltation and waste accumulation.
5. Protection from Strong Winds
   Farms should be established in protected bays, lagoons, or coves to shield cages from strong winds and large shipping activities.
6. Biofouling and Predation
   Sites should be assessed for biofouling organisms and predator risks, as these factors significantly affect maintenance efforts and fish survival.

Advantages of Cage Farming for Asian Sea Bass

1. Rapid Growth and High Yield
   Asian sea bass grows quickly under optimal conditions, contributing to large-scale production and meeting high consumer demand.
2. Economic Viability
   Cage farming requires lower land investment compared to traditional pond farming, making it cost-effective. The species’ high market value ensures a strong return on investment.
3. Efficient Water Flow and Oxygen Levels
   Floating net cages facilitate continuous water exchange, providing ample dissolved oxygen and removing waste, which supports fish health and growth.
4. Adaptability to Diverse Environments
   The species thrives in freshwater, brackish water, and seawater, making it suitable for diverse farming locations.

Challenges of Cage Farming for Asian Sea Bass

1. Cannibalism and Feeding Challenges
   Asian sea bass is highly cannibalistic, particularly during its juvenile stages, requiring careful size grading and monitoring to prevent stock losses.
2. Biofouling and Predator Risks
   Biofouling organisms increase net maintenance efforts, while predators like larger fish and birds pose threats to stock.
3. Temperature Sensitivity
   Farming is unsuitable in regions with fluctuating or cooler temperatures, limiting its geographical scope.
4. Site Maintenance and Monitoring
   Cage farming demands regular cleaning of nets and close monitoring of water quality, adding to operational costs.
5. Environmental Impact
   Without proper waste management, uneaten feed and fish waste can accumulate beneath cages, affecting local ecosystems.

Asian sea bass cage farming presents a lucrative opportunity for aquaculture due to its fast growth, high market demand, and adaptability. However, challenges such as biofouling, cannibalism, and environmental management require careful attention. With proper planning, adherence to best practices, and environmental sustainability measures, cage farming for Asian sea bass can significantly contribute to meeting the rising demand for seafood while supporting economic growth in the aquaculture industry.

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